The Iceman Lost in the Italian Alps 5,000 Years Ago

Otzi the Iceman, also called Similaun Man, Hauslabjoch Man or even Frozen Fritz, was discovered in 1991, eroding out of a glacier in the Italian Alps near the border between Italy and Austria. The human remains are of a Late Neolithic or Chalcolithic man who died in 3350-3300 BC. Because he ended up in a crevasse, his body was perfectly preserved by the glacier in which he was found, rather than crushed by the glaciers movements in the last 5,000 years. The remarkable level of preservation has allowed archaeologists the first detailed look into clothing, behavior, tool use and diet of the period. So Who Was Otzi the Iceman? The Iceman stood about 158 cm (52) tall  and weighed about 61 kg (134 lbs). He was rather short compared to most European males of the time, but sturdily built. He was in his mid-40s, and his strong leg muscles and overall fitness suggest that he may have spent his life herding sheep and goats up and down the Tyrolean Alps. He died about 5200 years ago, in the late spring. His health was fair for the period -- he had arthritis in his joints and he had whipworm, which would have been quite painful. Otzi had several tattoos on his body, including a cross on the inside of his left knee; six parallel straight lines arranged in two rows on his back above his kidneys, each about 6 inches long; and several parallel lines on his ankles. Some have argued that tattooing may have been some sort of acupuncture. Clothing and Equipment The Iceman carried a range of tools, weapons, and containers. An animal skin quiver contained arrow-shafts made of viburnum and hazelwood, sinews and spare points. A copper ax head with a yew haft and leather binding, a small flint knife, and a pouch with a flint scraper and an  awl were all included in the artifacts found with him. He carried a yew bow, and researchers at first thought the man had been a hunter-gatherer by trade, but additional evidence makes it clear he was a pastoralist  -- a Neolithic herder. Otzis clothing included a belt, loincloth, and goat-skin leggings with suspenders, not unlike lederhosen. He wore a bearskin cap, outer cape, and coat made of woven grass and moccasin-type shoes made from deer and bear leather. He stuffed those shoes with moss and grasses, no doubt for insulation and comfort. The Icemans Last Days Otzis stable isotopic signature suggests that he was probably born near the confluence of the Eisack and Rienz rivers of Italy, near where the town of Brixen is today, but that as an adult, he lived in the lower Vinschgau valley, not far from where he was eventually found. The Icemans stomach held cultivated wheat, possibly consumed as bread; game meat, and dried sloe plums. Blood traces on the stone arrow points he carried with him are from four different people, suggesting he had participated in a fight for his life. Further analysis of the contents of his stomach and intestines have allowed researchers to describe his last two to three days as both hectic and violent. During this time he spent time in the high pastures of the Otzal valley, then walked down to the village in the Vinschgau valley. There he was involved in a violent confrontation, sustaining a deep cut on his hand. He fled back to the Tisenjoch ridge where he died. Moss and the Iceman Four important mosses were found in Otzis intestines and reported in 2009 by JH Dickson and colleagues. Mosses are not food -- theyre not tasty,  nor nutritious. So what were they doing there? Neckera complanata and Anomodon viticulosus. These two species of moss are found on lime-rich, shady rocks in woodlands, growing close to and south of where Otzi was found, but not north. The presence of them inside Otzi probably came from their use as food-wrapping and suggests that Otzi wrapped his last meal south of where he died.Hymenostylium recurvirostrum This species of moss is known to hang about on marble. The only outcrop of marble in the vicinity of Otzis body is on the Pfelderer Tal, suggesting that at least on one of his last journeys, Otzi climbed into the Alps westwards up the Pfelderer Tal.Sphagnum imbricatum Hornsch: Sphagnum moss doesnt grow in the South Tyrol where Otzi died. Its a bog moss  and the only likely location within walking distance of where he died, is the broad, low-lying valley of Vinschgau, where Otzi resided for his adult life. Sphagnum moss has a specific ethnographic use as dressings for wounds  because it is soft and absorbent. Otzis hand was deeply cut 3 to 8  days before he died, and researchers think its possible that this moss was used to staunch his wound, and was transferred to his food from the dressings on his hand. Death of the Iceman Before Otzi died, he had suffered two fairly serious wounds, in addition to a blow to the head. One the deep cut to his right palm and the other was a wound in his left shoulder. In 2001, conventional x-rays and computed tomography revealed a stone arrowhead embedded in that shoulder. A research team led by Frank Jakobus Rà ¼hli at the  Swiss Mummy Project  at the University of Zurich used multislice computed tomography, a non-invasive computer scanning process used in detecting heart disease, to examine Otzis body. They discovered a 13-mm tear in an artery within the Icemans torso.  Otzi  appears to have suffered massive bleeding as a result of the tear, which eventually killed him. Researchers believe that the Iceman was sitting in a semi-upright position when he died. Around the time he died, someone pulled the arrow shaft out of Otzis body, leaving the arrowhead still embedded in his chest. Recent Discoveries in the 2000s Two reports, one in  Antiquity  and one in the  Journal of Archaeological Science, were published in the fall of 2011. Groenman-van Waateringe reported that pollen from  Ostrya carpinfolia  (hop hornbeam) found in Otzis gut likely represented the use of hop hornbeam bark as a medication. Ethnographic and historical pharmacological data lists several medicinal uses for hop hornbeam, with painkilling, gastric problems and nausea as some of the treated symptoms. Gostner et al. reported a detailed analysis of radiological studies on the Iceman. The Iceman was x-rayed and examined using computed tomography in 2001 and using multi-slice CT in 2005. These tests revealed that Otzi had had a full meal shortly before his death, suggesting that although he may have been chased through the mountains during the last day of his life, he was able to stop and have a full meal consisting of ibex and deer meat, sloe plums and wheat bread. In addition, he lived a life that included strenuous walking in high altitudes  and suffered from knee pain. Otzis  Burial Ritual? In 2010, Vanzetti and colleagues argued that, despite earlier interpretations, it is possible that Otzis remains represent an intentional, ceremonial burial. Most scholars have agreed that Otzi was the victim of an accident or a murder and that he died on the mountaintop where he was discovered. Vanzetti and colleagues based their interpretations of Otzi as a formal burial on the placement of objects around Otzis body, the presence of unfinished weaponry, and the mat, which they argue was a funeral shroud. Other scholars (Carancini et al and Fasolo et al) have supported that interpretation. A  gallery  in the journal  Antiquity, however, disagrees, stating that forensic, taphonomic and botanical evidence supports the original interpretation. See  The Iceman is Not a Burial  discussion for further information. Otzi is currently on display in the  South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. Detailed zoom-able photographs of the Iceman have been collected in the  Iceman photoscan  site, assembled by the Eurac, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman. Sources Dickson, James. Six mosses from the Tyrolean Iceman’s alimentary tract and their significance for his ethnobotany and the events of his last days. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, Wolfgang Karl Hofbauer, Ron Porley, et al., ReserchGate, January 2008. Ermini L, Olivieri C, Rizzi E, Corti G, Bonnal R, Soares P, Luciani S, Marota I, De Bellis G, Richards MB et al. 2008.  Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman.  Current Biology  18(21):1687-1693. Festi D, Putzer A, and Oeggl K. 2014.  Mid and late Holocene land-use changes in the Ãâ€"tztal Alps, territory of the Neolithic Iceman â€Å"Ãâ€"tzi†.  Quaternary International  353(0):17-33. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.052 Gostner P, Pernter P, Bonatti G, Graefen A, and Zink AR. 2011.  New radiological insights into the life and death of the Tyrolean Iceman.  Journal of Archaeological Science  38(12):3425-3431. Groenman-van Waateringe W. 2011.  The Icemans last days – the testimony of Ostrya carpinifolia  Antiquity  85(328):434-440. Maderspacher F. 2008.  Quick Guide: Ãâ€"tzi.  Current Biology  18(21):R990-R991. Miller G. 2014.  The bare necessities.  New Scientist  221(2962):41-42. doi: 10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60636-9 Ruff CB, Holt BM, Slà ¡dek V, Berner M, MurphyJr. WA, zur Nedden D, Seidler H, and Recheis W. 2006.  Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean â€Å"Iceman†.  Journal of Human Evolution  51(1):91-101. Vanzetti A, Vidale M, Gallinaro M, Frayer DW, and Bondioli L. 2010.  The Iceman as a burial.  Antiquity  84(325):681-692. Zink A, Graefen A, Oeggl K, Dickson JH, Leitner W, Kaufmann G, Fleckinger A, Gostner P, and Egarter Vigl E. 2011.  The Iceman is not a burial: reply to Vanzetti et al.  (2010).  Antiquity  85(328).

Childcare - 1924 Words

Childcare and Education Preshay Weatherspoon English 122 Prairie Markussen April 7, 2014 Childcare and Education Some may disagree that the best place for children ages three and under are day care and preschool programs. In early child care education there are many benefits for children. My argument is to state the different advantages in early education. The results of the Parental Childcare and children’s Educational Attainment study shows that with the control of time, the health of a child will not have an effect on the age in which he can enroll in school. After controlling for endogeneity the results of the study were profound, and that childcare time should never be omitted because it can bias the study. While the†¦show more content†¦I recently visited a daycare center in Marrero, LA the security measures were awesome. Each parent is issued an authorize user id and password. Along with a authorize user id and password you must provide a finger scan to check in and to checkout a child. As I walked throughout the office I observe twelve security cameras that displayed each classroom, cafeteria, play centers, front and back of the building. I was impressed with the strong security measures taken to protect the safety of kids. Some parents feel young kids shouldn’t attend day care centers because it takes away boding time between a child and the parent, or a child is too young to learn .I totally disagree, a child bonds with their parents from birth, eight hours a day in child care center will not break a parents bond .Studies show the earlier a child a leaves away from their parents its teaches them to become self-sufficient on their own without total dependence of their parents. Is a child too young to learn? I would answer no. Kids learn in many different ways starting from infants. Early child hood education enhances a child’s learning ability. 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Child Criminals free essay sample

Child Criminals: what should we do now? Madii 5. 17. 12 There has always been a controversy over how child criminals should be handled in court. People disagree on whether children should be tried as adults for their actions or if their age should be a great determinant of the outcome. Children are very complex. Their life history, home environment, influences, possible mental illnesses, and the simple mentality and moral level of children must be considered when they are being convicted of a crime. The U. S. is the only country in the world where children are sentenced to die in prison. Is it fair? The main subject that is debated upon in this issue is the age of maturity. â€Å"Child crime is different from adult crime in that the offenders are, in most legal systems, not deemed to be fully conscious moral individuals† (Debatepedia). Although that is true, children should be moral enough to know that extreme crimes are not right. We will write a custom essay sample on Child Criminals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Maybe that excuse will work for robbery and such. But when it comes to murder and sex crimes, they should not be able to get out of that. Those are two extreme things that everyone, no matter what age they are, should know are wrong† (Madii Sahli). Every child should know the difference from right and wrong by the age of three or four, or at least have a sense as to what the difference is. The difference was instilled in our brains when we were two† (Courtney B. ). A three or four year old may know right and wrong, but we cannot possibly expect them to understand the consequences of their actions. We cannot hold a four year old responsible for themselves. Children are very impressionable. The rights and wrongs that they learn from their environment may not be the same as the rights and wrongs of the law. But should normal children be impressionable enough to be convinced that murder is okay? If it is insisted that people know the difference from right and wrong at the age of three, then why is the age of adulthood so high? Instead of the age of 18 determining when one is an adult, the age should be brought down to sixteen. By the age of sixteen, everyone should know better. â€Å"I am only sixteen, and I know better not to commit any crimes. I am old enough to understand consequences for my actions, and every other sixteen year old should be mature enough to know as well. (Madii Sahli). Compared to other countries, sixteen is still a higher age to be considered an adult. Many countries recognize the age of criminal responsibility to be much younger than eighteen. Below is a list of some other countries and their age of legality/adulthood. COUNTRY: AGE OF LEGALITY/ADULTHOOD: England 10 years old for crimes. 13 years old for sex crimes. Romania 12 years old. Greece 12 years old. Turke y 14 years old Armenia 14 years old. Spain 15 years old. Scotland 16 years old. Belgium 18 years old. Luxembourg 18 years old. On the other hand, United States law uses 18 for many things as well. People are not considered responsible enough to purchase tobacco products, live on your own, get a tattoo/certain piercings, choose to have sex with whomever you want, get married, own property, sue/get sued, or gamble until you are eighteen years old. You cannot even order crayons from a television commercial until you are 18! If you are not responsible enough to make your own choices, then how can you be considered an adult? â€Å"There needs to be some balance. The age of adulthood should completely be moved down to 16. At the age of sixteen, you should be able to get convicted of adult crimes, but you should also be able to smoke, etc. The only things that I think should stay at 18 is the age of being able to move out and live on your own or with a roommate, getting married, and gambling. That makes more sense to me† (Madii Sahli). In 1998, 29% of high school boys in America owned guns. A survey was taken in Virginia in 1996, and reported that 41% of youth have been in a gang or associated themselves with a gang. From those 41%, 69% got involved because of influences coming from their friends and 60% said that they joined for excitement. Joining a criminal group for excitement shows just how careless children are when it comes to the law. They do not understand their consequences because they believe that they will be treated leniently in the eyes of the court. More needs to be done to show them that they cannot get away with it. â€Å"The murderers made their decision. Children always wanted to be treated as adults so why not trial them as adults? That is always a child’s dream, to be treated as an adult† (Courtney B. from Teen Ink). Children should be tested for mental illness before the trial proceeds. As many as 70 percent of youth in the system are affected with a mental disorder, and one in five suffer from a mental illness so severe as to impair their ability to function as a young person and grow into a responsible adult. The prevalence of disruptive behavior disorders among youths in juvenile justice systems is reported to be between 30 percent and 50 percent† (Sarah Hammond). Not only sh ould they be trialed differently, but they should not be placed into a jail. They should be placed somewhere that can take care of them and help to handle their disability. That way, they might be able to recover properly. Most children who have committed crimes were accompanied by an adult during the incident. Joe Sullivan was thirteen-years-old when he became one of the two thirteen-year-old in the entire country to be sentenced to life without parole for an offense that did not involve a killing. Joe was mentally disabled, and lived in a home in which he was victim to physical and sexual abuse regularly. Two older boys, Nathan McCants (17) and Michael Gulley (15) convinced Joe to participate in a burglary in which they entered an empty household of a 72-year-old elderly woman. One of the older boys stole jewelry and money, and the homeowner was sexually assaulted in her home later that day, but never saw her attacker. The assault was so brutal that she needed to have corrective surgery. One of the older boys had blamed the sexual assault on Joe. While being blindfolded, the woman listened to the Joe’s voice to see if she recognized it and stated that it â€Å"could very well be† him. Both of the older boys received short sentences in juvenile detention, while Joe Sullivan was charged and tried in adult court. Even though Joe was the youngest person in the country sentenced to die in prison for a non-homicide, his lawyer filed a brief on appeal saying there were no issues to challenge in his case. Joe was sent to adult prison when he was just fourteen, and he was repeatedly and brutally victimized by older inmates† (Equal Justice Initiative). Joe, not only having to deal with a traumatic past of his home life and a mental illness, was di agnosed with multiple sclerosis and uses a wheelchair. The petition stating that this punishment is cruel and usual was denied. Another convicted child who was influenced by a very bad home life includes Antonio Nunez. When Antonio was thirteen-years-old, he was shot multiple times in a drive by shooting. While his brother tried to help him, he was shot in the head and killed. Because of the traumatic event, he developed post-traumatic stress disorder. His mother was depressed and inactive, his father was an alcoholic, and his siblings were currently being treated for anxiety and trauma. Most children who have commit crimes were influenced and accompanied by an adult. Antonio fell victim to older influences, having got into the car with two older men. 4-year-old Antonio was in a joint trial with the 27-year-old after the other man claimed himself to be kidnapped by them. â€Å"The Equal Justice Initiative has documented over 70 cases throughout the United States in which children 14 and younger have been condemned to die in prison, often without consideration of the child’s age of life history. Antoni o Nunez is the only child in the country known [in 2007] to be serving a death in prison sentence for his involvement, at age 14, in a single incident where no one was injured† (Equal Justice Initiative Writer). Sometimes putting a child in an adult jail will only do more harm, and will only give them more bad impressions and thoughts. This is because when you put a child in an adult jail, you are surrounding them with people who have committed crimes as well and are a negative influence. They are being trapped in the same environment that got them there in the first place. â€Å"Young people who have been in prison since they were adolescents need help learning basic life skills† (Equal Justice Initiative Writer). According to mental health researchers Laurence Steinberg and Thomas Grisso, unlike an adult, a young teen can change. Handling child criminals is totally situational. Some of them deserve it, and sometimes it is fair for them to suffer with an extreme punishment. Many children get away with murder. Eric Smith was twelve years old when he murdered a six year old. He was to stay in jail until he was twenty-one. â€Å"Eric Smith admitted what he did was wrong but he also said he enjoyed it. There is no chance of rehabilitation for this boy nor is there for any other child murderer† (Courtney B. from Teen Ink). Robert Thompson and Jon Venables were ten years old when the kidnapped a two year old named James Berger when James’s mother went into the grocery store. They committed many criminal acts against him. They sexually molested him, beat him with a 28 lb iron bar, and poured paint into his eyes. As James was hardly holding on to his life, the two boys placed his beaten body onto the train tracks. When a child does something like that, they are bound to be messed up for the rest of their lives. â€Å"The boys obviously knew what they were doing and that it was wrong because they tried covering their tracks by making up stories† (Courtney B. ). Only a severely disturbed child could do something like that so young. Scientists put together an experiment which compared the brain of a serial killer and a normal person using a CAT scan. The results showed that the serial killers brain was covered in black spots, while the normal persons brain only had two miniscule black spots. If a child’s brain is already that irregular, how can they recover from that? People are fighting to convince the courts that sentencing a child to die in prison violates the eighth amendment, for it is cruel and unusual. â€Å"In 1988, the Supreme Court ruled that no person under the age of sixteen may be executed for a crime. Twenty states with capital punishment laws consequently established sixteen as the minimum age for execution† (Daily Mail Reporter). â€Å"In 2005, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that sentencing juveniles to death is unconstitutional. The court ruled that life without parole for anything less than homicide was unconstitutional as well† (Daily Mail Reporter). The only catch is that the child can be tried and convicted to be considered an adult in the eyes of the court. That means that no matter their age, they can still be sentenced to death. But no matter what, a child is still a child. When it comes to life sentencing, those rules should apply to every person under the age of 18. 14-year-old Omer Ninham was sentenced to prison for life after he threw a child off of a parking ramp. He claimed it to be a cruel and unusual punishment. â€Å"The Supreme Court ruled that neither the state not the U. S. has any statue prohibiting life sentences without parole for 14-year-olds in homicide cases† (Daily Mail Reporter). When it comes to murder, most states will trial the child as an adult, especially if the crime was first-degree murder. But sometimes in special cases, it is moved into a juvenile court (Natalie Saar). I think that it should only be moved into a juvenile court for two reasons. One being if the child has any type of mental illness that can alter their brain capability, and two being if they are under a certain age. Age 10 for murder and sex crimes, and age 12 for other crimes such as burglary and theft† (Madii Sahli). In 2008, there were 73 child ren who were sentenced to die in prison for an offence that took place when they were only 13 or 14 years old. This includes a man named Phillip Shaw. Shaw was convicted when he was 14 for a robbery-shooting, and sentenced to life in prison without parole. When he was 28, a retrial won him his freedom after he had spent 14 years in adult prison. Each side, whether one believes in adult punishment for children or is against it, has their points. There has got to be balance between the two. How to handle children is very situational, and depends on a lot of different things such as their life history, home environment, influences, possible mental illnesses, and the simple mentality and moral level of the child. The U. S. is the only country in the world where children are sentenced to die in prison. Is that fair?

Inherit The Wind Think Piece Essays - Teaching,

Inherit The Wind Think Piece Inherit the Wind Think Piece In todays society, where angry children shoot, bomb, and threaten their schoolmates, there exists a rather incoherent line between appropriate classroom conversation and unacceptable discussion. True, this line did not exist some years ago, but as times changed, so did certain parameters. A teachers freedom in the classroom is one such hotly debated question. Where should the line be drawn? What is the difference between right and wrong? These are questions that are not easily answered. Some say that we should look at each individual incident of indecent or inappropriate discussion, but really, how will these halt future conversation? In a society where our youth is incredibly impressionable, how will this put an end to the tragedies that have become so terribly regular? Some say that since the community pays teachers salaries, they should be the ones to decide the curriculum. But how will this prevent incidents like the one portrayed in Inherit the Wind? True, parents should absolutely have a voice in what their children are taught, but is that where the buck stops? Really, its not. Perhaps it is the best idea that the entire community discussion curriculums, and that means teachers, school board comities, PTAs as well as parents. Through this way, everyone can discuss what goes into the minds of our leaders of tomorrow. We will get the best of both worlds. On the subject of how much freedom does a teacher possess, that too is up to the community. And when the term community is used, that again means everyone: teachers, school boards, and parents. Maybe it would be even better if teachers were allowed to discuss things as whole. A subject should be explained in as many ways, from as many view points, as possible. Then students can decide for themselves for themselves what they believe. However, in a time when kids will take most everything literally, and then take it too an extreme, maybe this methods is not the best. If this topic were to have been discussed two years ago, perhaps the answer would be different. However, since the tragedy at Columbine High School in Colorado a couple of years ago, parameters have changed, and perhaps tightened. Sure, everyone has an opinion to this subject, but whose is correct? Like the debate over womens rights, gun control, and the death penalty, who really has the answers? Everyone thinks that they know, but really, do they? Maybe time will tell. Perhaps in a few years there will be some sort of revelation, but until then, who knows? All people can do is form their own opinions and then make them known. When everyones thoughts are thrown together, maybe the answer will produce itself. Until then, we can only debate. English Essays